hardness of heart in later biblical texts. Both Jeremiah (5:21) and Ezekiel (12:2) picked up these words to describe hardness of heart in their own day. The Synoptic evangelists all use Isaiah 6:9–10 sandwiched between the parable of the sower and its interpretation for the same purpose.6 Far from being intended to prevent hearing, these words are intended to shock people out of hardness of heart and to bring about hearing. English translations do not show it, but Mark 4:3 begins literally, “Hear,
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